Aristotles Poetics in Shakespeares King Lear - Literature Essay Samples

According to Aristotle in his book Poetics, the cathartic effects of a tragedy are its purpose, which is mediated through its form. An examination of Shakespeares King Lear in relation to the Aristotelian elements of tragedy focusing on his compliance with Plot and inversion of Thought will demonstrate how the playwright preserves the cathartic outcome despite the dramatically altered balance between pity and fear. Of the three Unities of Time, Place and Action, only the last can be directly attributed to Aristotle, who referred to it as the principal of organic unity of literature. In King Lear, Shakespeare abides by this principal, which states that the plot should have a beginning, middle and end, it should be the appropriate length for the believable unfolding of events, and the main character (since referred to as the tragic hero) should follow a specific dramatic process. He should be a man greater than ourselves who goes from fortune to misfortune (peripeteia) due to a f law in his character (harmatia). This is followed by anagnorisis, enlightenment of his responsibility for the fall, yet the punishment still exceeds the crime. The prologue to King Lear combines exposition and action, giving the audience the necessary background information to contextualize the events about to unfold. It depicts King Lear as a virtuous man above the average citizen making a terrible error of judgment and displaying his extreme pride, thereby instigating the grotesque yet necessary downfall which follows. In the opening lines 1 30 Gloucester and Kent discuss Lears intention to divide his kingdom among his three daughters, and Gloucesters son Edmunds origins are explained. King Lears pride can be seen to motivate his first error of judgment; Here I disclaim all my paternal care, (1, 1,108) he tells the court, as he disowns his only loving daughter Cordelia for refusing to falsely flatter him in a bid for the largest third of his kingdom. He bestows the sway, rev enue, execution of the rest (1,1,132) to his other two deceitful daughters and their husbands whilst expecting to retain the name and all the additions to a king (1,1,131). Here again, pride has led him to unrealistic expectations of retaining kingly status without kingly duties. Lastly, Lear banishes the trustworthy Kent for warning him of the danger of bowing to the power of flattery (1,1,143). Having surrounded himself with dishonest people and ill-treated those who genuinely love him, Lear has set the Peripeteia in motion. Lears anagnorisis is a gradual process that begins in Act 3 scene 2 as his wits begin to turn (3,2,66). He first considers the feelings of the fool and the nature of necessitiesThat can make vile things precious(3,2,69-70). Lear perceives the worth of this insight and the need for suffering to attain it. This is followed by recognition of his blind arrogance and its effect on the people of his kingdom:O, I have taen / Too little care of this!Take physic, pomp;Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,That thou mayst shake the superflux to them (3,4,32-35). Lear equates his experience of suffering on the heath with medicine, inferring the awakening it has evoked. He also prescribes this to all other pompous people in a plea for a more just world. He admits negligence and shows remorse. He has become drastically more aware, considering others suffering for the first time amid his own anguish and the onset of madness. Because the suffering coincides with enlightenment, the audiences admiration for Lears endurance is abundant and coupled with growing pity for his situation. He refers to his suffering as Judicious punishment! (3,4,71) as it was he that fathered the two daughters that have badly mistreated him. Yet there is still no reference to his cruel misjudgment of Cordelia or Kent. In Act 4, scene 6 Lear finally understands and accepts that he is a mere mortal They told me I was everything; tis a lie, I am not ague-proof (4,6, 103-104), and attributes this self- awareness to the stripping he experienced during the storm. It isnt until Act 4 scene7 that Lears anagnorisis is complete. He awakens to see Cordelia, humbly kneels before her, cannot associate with the Kingly robes he has been put in and refers to himself as a very foolish fond old man (4,7,61). At last, he accepts responsibility for the final instigating element of his downfall: If you have poison for me, I will drink it.I know you do not love me; for your sistersHave, as I do remember, done me wrong.You have some cause, they do not. (4,7,73-76) If the play ended here, it could be said to have conformed exactly to the Aristotelian idea of a tragic plot concluding on a note of hope and restoration for the future. However, it does not end here; although Aristotle did not stipulate that a good tragic plot should have a happy ending, he did say that the moral message must be implicit and evil must never be seen to triumph. This takes the discus sion into the realm of what Aristotle called Thought and is the element of the tragic form with which Shakespeare takes the most liberties. Those who prosper on the worlds terms which often include neglect or cruelty will become hardened and blinded and are therefore the true fools. This moral message is embedded in King Lear. Cordelia demonstrates an understanding of this concept as she holds to her honesty despite Lears threat that Nothing will come of nothing (1.1.86). France reiterates the notion when he describes Cordelia as most rich, being poor (1,1,246). Lear and Gloucester both discover that ironically, everything comes from nothing, truth and enlightenment are attained only when one is stripped of everything, for Lear that includes his sanity, for Gloucester, his sight. I stumbled when I saw (4,1,20). And just as Lear did in Act Three, Scene Two, Gloucester calls for the arrogant to be humbled and for wealth to be redistributed: And each man have enough (4,2,72). A c entral paradox to the play is that Lear and Gloucester could not have learned this moral message any other way. Lears Fool is crucial in highlighting this paradox. Beneath his seemingly innocent taunting, the Fool provides clarity of the characters feelings and the events on stage. When Kent claims that the Fools words are entirely foolish, the Fool replies; No, faith, lords and great men will not let me; if I had a monopoly out, they would have part ont. And ladies too, they will not let me have all the fool to myself; theyll be snatching. Give me an egg, nuncle, and Ill give thee two crowns (1,4,137-141). The fools speech here encapsulates the moral message with reference to all lords being foolish, and provides direct comment on Lears foolishness in trying to divide up his kingdom between deceitful women. In this way, Shakespeare has taken the classical device of a chorus and ironically embodied it within the court jester. If the cruel and prosperous are the real fools, the n Justice is an essential factor in the portrayal of good versus evil. Here is where Shakespeare injects ambiguity into his drama. Justice, like wisdom, family loyalty, and obedience, are inverted throughout the play. In Act Three, justice can be identified in two contrasting scenes. In scene six, Lear tries Goneril and Regan for filial ingratitude in an imagined trial. The outward appearance of justice is absurd and pathetic. Earthly justice is determined and ministered by a madman, a disguised madman and a fool. Yet true justice is presented here. In stark contrast to this is scene seven, whereby Cornwall goes through the motions of trying Gloucester for treason. Outwardly this trial appears correct, as Cornwall possesses the power to try subjects and he goes through the motions of interrogation. However, the outcome was predetermined and there is no trace of real justice in the horrific punishment. The appearance and the reality of justice have exchanged places (as do wisdo m and folly, blindness and sight, and poverty and riches), and evil is undoubtedly prospering. All of Shakespeares value inversions in this play are encapsulated within the term natural. Edmund is the natural son of Gloucester and represents a violation of traditional moral order. His concept of Nature and what is natural is Darwinian and animalistic rejecting religion, astrology social order and morality Thou, nature, art my goddessWherefore should I Stand in the plague of custom (1,2,1-3). To him, unnatural means exactly what natural means to Lear and Gloucester the orderly structure and cycles of the natural world and man on earth are intrinsically linked and astrology is a clear indication of the events on earth, e.g. These late eclipses (1,2,96). Thus the moral question permeating the drama is: Which concept of Natural is true? If the heavens exist and manipulate human lives than will Edmund, Goneril and Reagan get away with their evil or will there be divine retribution ? The answer to this question is far from implicit, and it certainly defies Aristotles notion that evil should never be seen to triumph. Evil triumphs throughout most of King Lear, and the acts of goodness are single acts of human decency that are often too late to yield any real improvement to the situation. Consider Cornwalls servant, who avenges Gloucesters cruelty in Act Three scene seven. His intervention fails to improve Gloucesters condition. Likewise, Kent and Edgar taking up disguises enable them to guide the old men through their suffering and deliver a letter to Cordelia, but none of this prevents the death or anguish of Gloucester, Lear and his virtuous daughter. Albany resolves to restore Lear to King and Kent to his honorable position, but this occurs far too late as Lear dies and Kent passes away. Lastly, Edmunds dying wish to save Cordelia from death is a spark of human decency in a predominantly evil character which raises hope in the audience, but this gesture is also too little, too late, and the audiences hopes are quickly dashed. If the gods are responsible for ministering punishment and justice, then Cordelias death is unexplainable. If human decency, on the other hand, is credited with the administration of justice, then it can be argued that human decency was overcome by negative human emotions such as greed, pride and selfishness, which led to acts of cruelty. Those few characters with integrity and courage to act upon it were far too fragmented and delayed to triumph over evil. The perspective one takes on the ending of King Lear is entirely her own. Shakespeare has the Fool exit the play in Act Three, scene four, line 80, and the audience members are left to infer what meanings they will from the rest of the play. This conclusion is in direct opposition to Aristotles conception of Character as well as Thought. Homogeny is necessary to contribute to the plausibility of the play. The thought should be implicit, and the charac ters should be consistent, appropriate to their type, and reveal a moral purpose. The characters in King Lear do tend to be appropriately matched to their type e.g. the old men with old world values seeming foolish to youth and arrogant about their status. Loyal servants, greedy spoiled women and power hungry young men all conform to stereotypes. Through the device of disguise, however, Shakespeare adds irony and intrigue that defies the conventional matching of character to type. It is also significant in relation to Shakespeares manipulation of the thought that many of the characters in King Lear reveal an immoral rather than a moral purpose. It is evident then, by looking closely at Shakespeares treatment of Aristotles elements of Plot and Thought, that Shakespeare achieves catharsis in King Lear by conforming to the element which Aristotle deemed most important: plot. Specifically, the dramatic process of the tragic hero unfolds according to Aristotles perception, yielding i mmense pity and fear, yet extends beyond it to add ambiguity and thereby affect the notion of Thought. Thought and Character are clearly adapted from the Classical idea but transformed to suit Shakespeares purpose, leaving the audience with the privilege of deciding for themselves what they think and how they feel. BIBLIOGRAPHYCraig, H. Bevington, D. (ed) (1973) The Complete Works of Shakespeare Brighton; Scott, Foresman and Company. Patterson, M. (1996) Studying Drama, in Bradford, R. (ed) Introducing Literary Studies. London; Pearson Education Ltd. Shakespeare, W. (1974) King Lear Essex; Longman Group Ltd.

Important Topics for Cause and Effect Essay - What Is It

Significant Topics for Cause and Effect Essay - What Is It? Significant Topics for Cause and Effect Essay - Is it a Scam? Circumstances and logical results is a phenomenal option for the individuals who wish to better their abilities recorded as a hard copy as well as legitimate reasoning as well. Remember your time is constrained and you don't wish to squander any of that endeavoring to build up an off base subject. Understudies should concentrate in transit things identify with each other. Despite the fact that a splendid, radiant day can set you feeling magnificent similarly as effectively as a blustery day can set you feeling poor, think about that Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a genuine issue that can affect a person's state of mind and, in certain occasions, can cause extreme misery. Significant Topics for Cause and Effect Essay Can Be Fun for Everyone Below you'll locate some helpful suggestions to form an expert article. Not just it will allow you learn all the more wi th respect to the layout, yet help you to recognize positive and negative papers. After you make the layout, you can be sure with respect to the effective fruition of the full paper. Before you initiate composing, it is important to make a framework with the exploration that you may have done about this issue. Talking about the perfect arrangement of article it must be followed cautiously. Excellent article subjects could be discovered on the web, however most of them are really old and not charming. Settling on the correct subject must be done with care since it's the major establishment of article composing. Picking the article point must be completed cautiously. About Important Topics for Cause and Effect Essay Cause and impact is among the most regular kinds of expositions. In the occasion you need your specially crafted circumstances and logical results article accomplished by a non-local English speaker, you will create that choice and we're going to offer you an author best suits your composing needs. So when you've been appointed to create a circumstances and logical results paper, you should think about a fabulous subject. Circumstances and logical results articles are a breeze to compose, simply remain centered and endeavor to have effect through your words and through utilizing proof. Set up the body of the exposition so you have one passage for all of the causes or impacts from your proposition. Again, in light of the substance you must give, the article should be sorted out to suit your data productively and flawlessly. Verify that the presentation exhaustively expresses the target of exposition along with the impacts and causes in question. The point of the circumstances and logical results exposition is to make sense of how different wonders relate as for beginnings and results. Significant Topics for Cause and Effect Essay - the Conspiracy Conclusion has a primary influence in accepting the perusers impression in case of articles. When your framework is finished, you begin composing the absolute initial segment presentation. The circumstances and logical results exposition layout will serve you as a guide for the rest of the paper. Subtleties of Important Topics for Cause and Effect Essay 1 way of thinking accepts that kids who aren't involved are pro gressively disposed to fall into difficulty. For understudies, composing a circumstances and logical results exposition requires a decent arrangement of thought and a specific measure of research expertise, in any case, it shouldn't be a difficult endeavor. Expounding on the explanation and impact exposition themes identified with the school's prevalence or enduring the underlying year in school may be fine to get the enthusiasm of your companions. Lamentably, not many understudies have adequate time and creative mind to figure out what things to expound on. The Battle Over Important Topics for Cause and Effect Essay and How to Win It There are a few stages which you can use to help you draft a circumstances and logical results paper. There are different sorts of circumstances and logical results that somebody may mull over. The end can theorize on impacts later on, or offer your very own input of indisputably the most significant impact. Regularly it isn't fundamental, or even conc eivable, to get the exact reason for an occasion or possibly to name the exact impact. The examination is fixated on both the causes and the effects of the capacity. You can start by portraying impacts. You can have a few impacts or numerous causes dependent on your article's structure. In case you're keeping watch for motivation for your subject, you can run over thoughts from the following rundown. It is crucial that you don't cover thoughts. Your point should be founded on rationale and you have to make a coherent association between the occasions. On the off chance that your preferred theme is Climate change, at that point start investigating the subject with regards to impacts and causes.

Essay Topics For Your Essay on American Family

<h1>Essay Topics For Your Essay on American Family</h1><p>Why would you need to compose an article on the American family? On the off chance that you're pondering a school profession or considering a lifelong change, at that point an article on American family won't just show your capability in the scholarly field, yet additionally make you stand apart from the group. Regardless of whether you are not hoping to go into the scholarly community, this sort of article is an extraordinary method to pick up acknowledgment in the expert world. Regardless of whether you're composing for school, work, or the HR office, these seven subjects will assist with giving you understanding into what makes the American family so unique.</p><p></p><p>One of the most mainstream points for an article on the American family is the American family as it identifies with cash. A few people may feel that cash is an irrelevant thing, and in truth it isn't. We are human, and in spite of the fact that cash has been utilized to control the lives of individuals, it's just a little segment of what makes a difference in the American family.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant themes to expound on when composing an exposition on the American family is the subject of religion. Religion doesn't really need to be strict. In the event that you experience difficulty identifying with your religion and don't see how it plays into your life, you can address this theme in your essay.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise locate various papers on American family identified with race and ethnicity. This is regularly seen by individuals as an insignificant subject, however it can really be significant. Numerous individuals wrongly believe that race and ethnicity is a social issue, and isn't an issue with respect to confidence in a family.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise discover numerous exposition s on American family expounded on sexual orientation jobs. This theme isn't generally about sexual orientation jobs, yet a gander at the jobs that guardians play when bringing up their kids. Being brought up in a family where you needed to observe exacting principles when bringing up your youngsters may negatively affect your self-esteem.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise discover numerous articles on American family expounded on being a solitary parent. On the off chance that you were the essential provider in your family, it might not have turned out to be well for you. During circumstances such as the present, there are many single guardians, and in the event that you don't have an occupation and you're not ready to accommodate your youngsters, at that point you might be in an ideal situation without them.</p><p></p><p>Although you may have earned a school level training, it doesn't imply that you have a universal knowledge of each sub ject identified with America. By composing an exposition on the American family, you can pick up knowledge into what America is about. This knowledge can assist you with bettering comprehend your past and your present.</p><p></p><p>These are only a couple of the seven themes that you ought to consider when composing a paper on the American family. As you may have seen, you should compose on various points, yet ensure that you explore them completely before you begin.</p>

Sword Swallowing Essay Topics To Dicuss In ASword Swallowing Essay

<h1>Sword Swallowing Essay Topics To Dicuss In ASword Swallowing Essay</h1><p>In request to advance the best paper that you can for a blade gulping challenge, there are three distinct themes that you will need to address. The initial two are both examined below.</p><p></p><p>The first subject is the fitting feelings that you feel when you at long last swallow your adversary's blade. This subject can be to some degree hard to talk about in an exposition on the grounds that there is no conclusive method to choose whether or not to consolidate this thought into the paper. As a blade swallower, you may experience such sentiments when you are near your rival, when you are on edge, or in any event, when you are chomping down on his sword. Despite the fact that your feelings may change dependent on these different situations, the objective of the subject of this article is to decide if you will be a casualty of 'looking' for a fitting feeling to use in this situation.</p><p></p><p>You ought to think about whether there is a legitimate method to outline this idea. You should utilize a graphic term, for example, 'fishing'sucker' in your exposition. There are a wide range of ways that you can have your feelings depicted and you should pick the one that will speak to you.</p><p></p><p>The second point that you will need to address is the attitude that is utilized in having the option to swallow a blade and pushing ahead in an exposition. A great deal of blade swallowers have contrasting perspectives regarding how the blade gulping procedure ought to be introduced and laid out. While some prefer to keep their battle brief and sweet, others want to expound on how they love their blades and the amount they appreciate the way toward expounding on this subject.</p><p></p><p>No matter what point you decide to expound on with regards to blade gulping, you should cons ider whether the whole blade gulping process should be taken care of inside a solitary paper. Youcan separate the subject into numerous expositions, however don't consider a solitary article as an independent point. Rather, separate the blade gulping point into discrete themes that will give the peruser different perspectives concerning how to approach managing this specific subject. These points will likewise help you in deciding how to approach deciding your feelings when they are required to swallow your rival's sword.</p><p></p><p>The third subject that you will need to address is the manner by which you will utilize the attitude that you get from expounding on the ideas that relate to blade gulping. This can be a significant piece of the general exposition as the outlook that you will get when you expound on blade gulping will legitimately convert into how you will be seen by your rival when you take part in a sword battling battle. By considering the at titude that you gain by expounding on the blade gulping idea, you will have the option to utilize this outlook to further your potential benefit when you really go facing your opponent.</p><p></p><p>By fusing every one of the three of these points into your article, you will have the option to help guarantee that you don't wind up getting an 'angling' mentality when you take part in sword battling with a rival. You will utilize the correct attitude, which will convert into all parts of the battle. This outlook will permit you to be certain about your blades and your capacity to crush a rival, whether or not or not they are attempting to mess with your swords.</p><p></p><p>Before presenting your exposition, you ought to likewise consider composing an individual reaction to the paper that you have quite recently finished. By utilizing this organization, you will have the option to concentrate more on the blade gulping part of the exposit ion and will likewise have the option to maintain a strategic distance from an angling that you may discover when your adversary tosses out their own interpretation of a similar subject. This is a significant piece of the exposition that you ought to consider in light of the fact that this organization will make you center around the correct outlook for your essay.</p>

Choosing the Right Paper

<h1>Choosing the Right Paper</h1><p>When picking paper, paper provider, and this sort of work there are numerous elements to consider. In the first place, you need to think about your purposes behind composing the paper in any case. A few reasons incorporate a report, a theory, or a report appointed by the school or organization you are composing it for. Whatever reason you are composing a paper for, it is imperative to pick a paper that can address the issue that you are addressing.</p><p></p><p>After you have the themes and territories you need secured, what occurs straightaway? What sort of paper will you use? The vast majority go with an alternate paper. Despite the fact that utilizing an alternate paper appears to be a smart thought from the outset, it doesn't wind up being the best decision for them. It might be the decision for the creator or individual or business the paper is appointed for, however it may not be the best decision for your very own needs. Prior to settling on any ultimate choices on paper decisions, you should take a gander at different choices first.</p><p></p><p>Other decisions incorporate picking between: A home or study hall style paper, which is a three sided paper with one side collapsed into a pocket. The other different sides are increasingly vertical. These papers are incredible for holding data in a minimal form.</p><p></p><p>A more extensive configuration paper that has countless pages and is alluded to as a broadside. These papers are regularly utilized by schools and colleges for their writing that they give their understudies. They are additionally utilized by distributing organizations for their letters, resumes, books, and different productions that they need to use for promoting purposes.</p><p></p><p>Budget is the principle factor that should be considered before settling on any ultimate conclusions. Since it is so costly to purchase paper each semester, it is regularly the decision for the individuals who are on a limited financial plan. On the off chance that you are utilizing a more extended paper for a report, it might bode well to consider buying a shorter paper for that particular purpose.</p><p></p><p>Another factor to consider when choosing paper for your activities is the manner by which you expect to utilize it and the recurrence of utilization on a drawn out premise. For instance, on the off chance that you are attempting to sell an item and need a lot of paper, picking a more extended record paper might be to your greatest advantage. Then again, on the off chance that you are composing a data parcel or structure for a gathering or workshop, you might need to consider a littler print, for example, letter measured or booklet size paper. You may even need to think about purchasing paper in mass, particularly if the work that you will do is very tedious and include long haul stockpiling and display.</p><p></p><p>Paper isn't only a ware to purchase. There are numerous interesting points before you settle on a choice on purchasing a research paper. In addition to the fact that you have to consider the time it will take to get it printed and sent, however you need to think about whether you intend to utilize the paper for individual or scholastic purposes.</p><p></p><p>No matter what your task, make certain to consider every one of your alternatives before settling on a ultimate choice to purchase a research project. Knowing the sort of paper you need early, and what your time allotment for printing will be, will permit you to set a financial plan so you don't squander cash on a paper that you could have bought for less cash at a nearby office gracefully store.</p>

Things To Consider In Writing A Civil War Essay

Things To Consider In Writing A Civil War EssayThe pre-Civil War essay topics for high school level students are some of the most interesting and fun to write, as many of the topics are on the mind of students of that time. Of course, the people who lived through the Civil War were no strangers to turmoil, so they probably have a good handle on what would happen in the war between North and South.One of the best pre-Civil War essay topics is about the pros and cons of keeping slavery in the union at that time. Many people agreed that it was better to not have slavery, especially during that period of time, as slavery was something that both sides felt guilty about. They would rather have the freedom to be able to buy and sell their own labor than to have someone else put themselves in debt.Today, there are many parts of the country where the inhabitants believe that slavery was a good thing, and many parts of American history that people disagree on today. This is one of the topics t hat students can consider when writing an essay that will be helpful to them on the field of history.Some students enjoy the older and historic periods of American history, such as the times of the Revolutionary War. While this era is history, many students consider it to be a period of time where they were young, and therefore find the situations to be very painful. Of course, people who lived through this period are often bitter and have a lot of problems with the wars and bloodshed that occurred.With the pre-Civil War essay topics, students should write about the emotional side of the historical events that were happening at that time. It would be easier to get through the events if the student could express their feelings about the situation and why it was a good or bad thing.The Civil War is also a great pre-Civil War essay topic. There were many people who disagreed on what to do about slavery, and many people who did not agree on what to do about slavery. For those people, th e Civil War was a way to settle the differences.Another pre-Civil War essay topic that students can consider would be the myths that surround the war. There are many people who believe that the war was something that was simply fighting to take over the south. There were others who believed that the war was necessary for the greater good of the people of the south.There are many areas that are highly debated in today's society, and the Civil War is a topic that has many opinions on it. By writing an essay that has interesting facts and ideas about the Civil War, students will find that they are able to find things to write about that will interest them. They will find that this type of writing is entertaining, and that they will learn about history in an easy way.

The Effects of Music on Memory Essay - 2771 Words

It can be proven, through literary research and personal experiences, that music has a positive effect on learning and memory. It can be concluded that these positive effects have an impact on patients with Alzheimer’s, on the motor skills and auditory memory of mentally disabled children, on students attempting to remember subject manner that they are learning, and on the affectivity of advertisements. On a personal note, music has facilitated my ability to remember things, both positive and negative, a number of times. For example, in high school I memorized the days of the week in French by singing them along with a tune that was already familiar to me. I have also had multiple experiences in which I remember things that I do not want†¦show more content†¦Therefore, picking music that a person with Alzheimer’s listened to frequently during their younger years has resulted in strong responses from these patients – meaning that the music provokes them t o show more signs of engagement with external stimulants. This also means that in order to create new forms of response in Alzheimer’s patients, new and unfamiliar music should be used because it has not yet been tied to any old memories. In addition to varying familiar and unfamiliar music when trying to conjure various positive responses in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, it is also beneficial to vary stimulating and sedative music genres. Stimulating music can help â€Å"promote movement† or â€Å"activate† patients. For example, playing faster tempo music during dinner could help prevent the patient from falling asleep at the table. Sedative music, or music with slower tempo, calmer rhythm, and little percussion, is good for relaxing the patient during activities that are usually agitating for them, or when they are trying to sleep. However, opposite responses may occur depending on the associations that the patients may have formed in their memori es with the specific music (Clair). 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Corporate Philanthropy Financial Contribution

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Philanthropy for Financial Contribution. Answer: Introduction Corporate philanthropy includes financial contribution and employee volunteering for the development of community (Tilcsik and Marquis 2013). The study will describe the function and contemporary landscape of corporate philanthropy. Apart from that, the study will also systematically address corporate philanthropy and provide examples of current corporate philanthropy examples. Various scholar debates surrounding the effectiveness of this term will also be discussed in this study. Various examples of corporate philanthropy practice will be discussed through various company examples. Discussion According to Bartkus and Morris (2015), corporate philanthropy is the charitable donation of resources and profits of a corporation to a non-profit organization. The function of corporate philanthropy is consisted of donation of cash but Morris et al. (2013) added that it can also include the utilization of facilities and volunteer of time offered by employees of organization. Donation can be directly handled by the corporation or by indirect foundation created by the organization. It is the act of promoting welfare to others through charitable donation of time and funds. On the other hand, Tilcsik and Marquis (2013) provided a different view that corporate Philanthropy is the way of achieving social impact through generous and strategic utilization of funds, facilities, employee time and products or service for assisting community and supporting beneficial causes. It promotes love for humankind, common good and improves the quality of life of all citizens. The types of corporate philanthropy can of two types namely matching gift programs and Volunteer programs. According to Muller, Pfarrer and Little (2014), in matching gift programs, corporations match the donations made by the employees to the entitled non-profit organization. It depends on the policies of corporations. Employees and employers both donate in a certain ratio to fundraise cash towards charitable programs. On the other hand, Masulis and Reza (2014) pointed out that in volunteer programs, corporation may not provide money right away to the organization, as they promote volunteerism of employees to the community in which they exist. Corporations provide monetary grants to the community, where employees volunteer in regular basis. Gautier and Pache (2015) provided the view that contemporary landscape of corporate philanthropy lies in supporting the communities and surrounding markets. Profits earned by the corporation are distributed to the community it resides for increasing its image and increasing its potentiality to secure future flow of fund. The goodwill that corporation earns by corporate philanthropy definitely increases the customers interest and reputation. It is the greater extent towards business ethics through helping community towards its development. Support for community can strengthen the local economic of the corporation, which can further be utilized in the business operation. On the other hand, Cuypers, Koh and Wang (2015) described the internal achievements of an organization through corporate philanthropy. In this competitive world, corporate philanthropy can increase sales volume of organization is it is associated with branding strategies. The positive image created by corporate philant hropy can create competitive advantage for corporations. Volunteering time in corporate philanthropy increases the labor for the organization, which can be available in other ways. It also increases employee morale when the employees see that their employers are interested to invest for the development of society. Employees can also get paid time off for volunteering the charity of in the society. It increases the value of the employees. The contemporary landscape of corporate philanthropy can also be referred by specific assistance offered by corporation. It results in cleaner community, increasing opportunities for society people and boosting local economy. Raub (2016) provided the view that corporate philanthropy must be entertained by all types of organizations, as it helps in achieving positive image on the society. On the other hand, Szocs et al. (2016) pointed out that in this competitive world, multinational organizations are flourishing rapidly and hence employee contribution of such organizations is much more in comparison to small-scale companies. As opined by Lee et al. (2014), small-scale companies may not prove to be rapidly growing, but they can contribute in the society as a group. For instance, if vertically oriented organizations collectively raise fund, then the amount may be no less than a MNC. This will ultimately aid in consumer attraction. Kabongo, Chang and Li (2013) have contradicted this as corporate philanthropy is thought to be derailing the actual goals of an organization. The primary goals achievement may be influenced by derailed ethics through corporate philanthropy. Walker and Kent (2013) pointed out that through corporate philanthropy market development by reputation is highly achieved as it increases the consumers interest and presentation of companys opinion. Whereas, Bartkus and Morris (2015) have contradicted this, as corporate philanthropy is thought to put uncontrolled capital management and even there is no guarantee that the consumers will positively react to any business offer. Therefore, there is a risk for the organization. Muller et al. (2014) pointed out that companies that follow corporate philanthropy, gets the support of surrounding markets and communities. In this way, companies will be able to become sustainable and stabilize their future revenue flows. Local economic success can be achieved though such activities. On the other hand, Raub (2016) contradicted that often organizations fail to understand where they need to focus their corporate philanthropy. The businesses fail to understand the amount of money they need to invest and achieve the most out of that. Organizations have to be prepared to spend money, time and power of decision making so that there is no direct benefits. While taking into consideration the various views of the authors, it is clear that corporate philanthropy has both positive and negative impacts. Even though there are disadvantages, but the amount of benefit outstands its detriments. It can also be said that considerable positive business flows just by corporate philanthropy cannot be directly measured. The substantial outcome is always the collective form of individual marketing strategy, corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy. Finally, it can be said that corporate philanthropy will definitely result in enhancing publicity in the society but the magnitude will differ. More number of organizations needs to contribute in the society through corporate philanthropy. Corporate Philanthropy should be espoused greater number of corporation for the development of community. Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple introduced the program of match employee donation. According to Masulis and Reza (2014), the organization matched over $25 million worth donation of employees, which ultimately resulted $50 million worth charities around the world. In October 2014, the organization decided to expand its charitable program for including all the countries in which it operates. Recently, it has extended its program from US-based non-profit organization to other organizations in the world. On the other hand, Gautier and Pache (2015) opined that the organization also introduced volunteer grant program in which it provides $25 to the employees of respective organization. According to Raub (2016) Google has diverse giving option in their corporate philanthropy and has worldwide reach from New York to Germany, UK and many more. In the last year, more than 6500 employees of Google volunteered 80000 hours service and matched $21 million of employee donation for 9000 organizations in all over the world (Kabongo, Chang and Li 2013). With an intension to provide advanced technological support to Government, Google provides Code of America having annual gift around $3 million for developing civic technological support. Tilcsik and Marquis (2013) opined that the organization donated 5000 Raspberry Pi Computers for providing computer science education to 25000 Japanese children. According to Bartkus and Morris (2015), in matching gift program, the employees of Microsoft donated $1 billion for charitable organizations. In 2014, the organization donated technological support to more than 86000 organization 125 countries. The organization provided technological support in terms of both software and hardware. On the other hand, Masulis and Reza (2014) opined that the organization started volunteer match program in 2005 in which the employees received $25 per hour for the non-profit organization for volunteering at least four hours. According to Cuypers, Koh and Wang (2015), PepsiCo has initiated PepsiCorps, which is volunteer matching program and places employees from India to Ghana to New Mexico for aiding with corporate giving initiatives. On the other hand, Raub (2016) opined that the volunteers of PepsiCo have assisted in constructing water purification tower for the students and teachers of a school in Southwest China. In 2009, the employees of the organization initiated Food for Good in which they served 1.6 million free healthy meals to children of inner city. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that corporate philanthropy is the way in which corporation promotes welfare for others through charitable donation of cash or time. It is consisted of cash donation but it also incorporates utilization of facilities and volunteer of employees time. In corporate philanthropy, corporations offer financial grants and other facilities for supporting the community towards its development. It also enhances the competitive advantage of corporations through increasing positive image in the society. Therefore, more numbers of corporations should espouse corporate philanthropy towards community development. Reference List Bartkus, B.R. and Morris, S.A., 2015. Look Whos Talking: Corporate Philanthropy and Firm Disclosure.International Journal of Business and Social Research,5(1), pp.01-14. Cuypers, I.R., Koh, P.S. and Wang, H., 2015. Sincerity in corporate philanthropy, stakeholder perceptions and firm value.Organization Science,27(1), pp.173-188. Gautier, A. and Pache, A.C., 2015. Research on corporate philanthropy: A review and assessment.Journal of Business Ethics,126(3), pp.343-369. Kabongo, J.D., Chang, K. and Li, Y., 2013. The impact of operational diversity on corporate philanthropy: An empirical study of US companies.Journal of business ethics,116(1), pp.49-65. Lee, Y.K., Choi, J., Moon, B.Y. and Babin, B.J., 2014. Codes of ethics, corporate philanthropy, and employee responses.International Journal of Hospitality Management,39, pp.97-106. Masulis, R.W. and Reza, S.W., 2014. Agency problems of corporate philanthropy.Review of Financial Studies, p.hhu082. Morris, S.A., Bartkus, B.R., Glassman, M. and Rhiel, G.S., 2013. Philanthropy and corporate reputation: An empirical investigation.Corporate Reputation Review,16(4), pp.285-299. Muller, A.R., Pfarrer, M.D. and Little, L.M., 2014. A theory of collective empathy in corporate philanthropy decisions.Academy of Management Review,39(1), pp.1-21. Raub, S., 2016. When Employees Walk The Company Talk: The Importance Of Employee Involvement In Corporate Philanthropy.Human Resource Management. Szőcs, I., Schlegelmilch, B.B., Rusch, T. and Shamma, H.M., 2016. Linking cause assessment, corporate philanthropy, and corporate reputation.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,44(3), pp.376-396. Tilcsik, A. and Marquis, C., 2013. Punctuated generosity how mega-events and natural disasters affect corporate philanthropy in US communities. Administrative Science Quarterly, p.0001839213475800. Walker, M. and Kent, A., 2013. The roles of credibility and social consciousness in the corporate philanthropy-consumer behavior relationship.Journal of business ethics,116(2), pp.341-353.