Nigeria Civil Service Reforms Since Independence Till Date..

ABSTRACT This write up will critically access Nigerias experience with civil service reforms from independence till date. It first highlights civil service reform programs attempted by various pre and post-independence Nigerian governments. Within this context I will addresses key issues, challenges, and factors that impeded implementation of previous civil service reform programs. Next, I will explore future policy directions for enhancing the design and implementation of a sustainable civil service reform program. I will conclude by recapitulating the key policy reform measures essential for bringing about a sustainable civil service process and improving the future effectiveness and performance of the civil service.†¦show more content†¦In 1952, the colonial government set up the Phillipson-Adebo Commission to review the phase of the Nigerianization process. By the time the commission submitted its report two years later, the 1954 constitution had declared Nigeria as a federation, thus shifting attention from issues and concerns about Nigerianization to regionalization of the countrys civil service. The civil service in 1990 consisted of the federal civil service, the twenty-one autonomous state civil services, the unified local government service, and several federal and state government agencies, including parastatals and corporations. The federal and state civil services were organized around government departments, or ministries, and extra ministerial departments headed by ministers (federal) and commissioners (state), who were appointed by the president and governors, respectively. These political heads were responsible for policy matters. The administrative heads of the ministry were the directors general, formerly called permanent secretaries. The chief director general was the secretary to the government and until the Second Republic also doubled as head of the civil service. As chief adviser to the government, the secretary conducted liaison between the government and the civil service. The major function of the director general, as of all senior civil servants, was to advise the minister or the commissioner directly. In doing so, theShow MoreRelatedSocio-Economic and Political Dimensions of Conflict4145 Words   |  17 Pagesand universal nature of conflicts, focus will be laid on conflicts in Nigeria alone. This is due to the fact that, as the most populous and heterogeneous nation in Africa, Nigeria has had its fair share of conflicts dating back to the colonial era. Again, all the conflicts that have been witnessed in the country can be said to have socio-economic and political undertones. But differently, conflict is a regular feature in Nigeria, due largely to the multi-ethnic and plural nature of the nation; asRead MoreConceptual and Theoretical Understanding of Corruption in Nigeria5316 Words   |  22 PagesCORRUPTION IN NIGERIA AUTHOR: OBAH-AKPOWOGHAHA, NELSON GOLDPIN CURRENT INSTITUTION/AFILIATION: Post Graduate (Msc) Student at Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Osun State, Nigeria. Department of Political Science, P. O. Box 2006 OAU Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Email: goldefc2all@yahoo.co.uk. Tel: +2348062698441 ABSTRACT The paper discusses theoretical perspectives of corruption, its causes, forms, pattern that it has taken and devices used to manipulate the 2003 election by some politicians in Nigeria. To properlyRead MoreFactors Militating Against Effective Implementation of Nigeria (a Case Study of National Housing Policy)5074 Words   |  21 Pages Housing is one of the necessities of life like food and clothing. 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Oil being the mainstayRead MoreCountry Risk Analysis of Nigeria8877 Words   |  36 Pagesrisk of Nigeria. In this regard we have identified their culture, people, economy, investment, opportunity, some key problems like Corruption, bureaucracy, piracy, Counterfeit, Criminal activities and fraud, legal safeguards etc. This paper also intends to show the regulatory framework issue, micro economic and macroeconomic issue to give a detailed picture of the Nigerian business Risk. But there are also upside risks especially to inflation, which could create challenges for Nigeria given emergingRead MorePolitical Risk Analysis - Portugal6520 Words   |  27 PagesProducts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 4.4 Currency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 4.5 External Debt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 4.6 IMF’s Attitudes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 4.7 Developments of IMF, EU, Portugal amp; Reform Plans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 4.8 Payment Morale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 26 4.9 Legal decisions stimulation the economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 5. Conclusion amp; Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 6. Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesPh.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, Training, Research and Technical Committee, ANAN Chief V. C. Azie Accountant-General of the Federation Auditor-General of the Federation Registrar, ANAN Chairman, Fed. Inland Revenue Service Director of Research, National Universities Commission Treasurer, ANAN - Business Manager Prof. M. A. Mainoma, Ph.D, FCNA Mr. C. B. Umoh Editor-in-CHief Editor Associate Editor Associate Editor Associate Editor Associate Editor Associate Editor MemberRead MoreThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 PagesDelta region, Nigeria s oil belt has been the site of a generalized ethn ic and regional struggle for self-determination since 1998, the location of often-violent confrontations between local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as community agitation has undoubtedly undergone several transformations. The first involved the flowering of civil society, which mobilized a popular civil struggle. 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Social Psychology -Inter/Intra Group Dynamics - 1051 Words

Examine a social psychology experiment and show how it relates to current literature and research on inter-and/or intra-group dynamics Intergroup conflict One determinant of intergroup conflict is the desire on the part of group member to gain positive outcomes for themselves and for their group Competition can increase intergroup conflict Intergroup conflict exaggerated * results of in-group favourtism * favour own group over others intergroup conflict (created in summer camp) frequently begins with some form of realistic conflict Realistic conflict theory dates back to the beginning of the 20th century as one of the earliest of social psychological theories regarding prejudice and discrimination. Realistic†¦show more content†¦1978) And subordinate goals (Sherif and Sherif, 1969) * one way to maintain a positive social identity * SPENCER AND WOLFE (1996) Meta analyses of studies in ethnically mixed classrooms confirm the superiority of cooperative learning methods over individualistic orShow MoreRelatedComplexity Science And Systems Thinking4544 Words   |  19 Pagesworkings of the human brain, the onset of psychiatric illnesses, ecological systems, genetic selection, and the world economy. The application is prevalent in biology, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, neuroscience, sociology, anthropology, ecology, psychology, and philosophy, basically encompassing the realm of relationships rather than the distinction of academic discipline. 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Social Work Ethics and Values Conflict Management

Question: Discuss about the Social Work for Ethics and Values Conflict Management. Answer: Introduction The profession of a social worker is to help in the enhancement of the well-being of the humans living in a society. It contributes to the development of a better standard of living of individuals as well as of society. It improves and helps the community to solve various issues related to their work life, professional life, and personal life. Jamila is also a social worker who works for a non-government organization working for the welfare of the community and the people associated with it (Bonnycastle, 2012). She is dealing with a conflict situation with his superior named Dan where he refuses the authenticity of the suggestions she is making and the changes she wants to make in the organization in the making and implementation of its next five year plan. In this study, the discussion basically revolves around the social ethics and principles to be followed in an organization and the ways to handle the conflict that arises between its members. Ethics and values of Social work One of the possible responses that Jamila can give is to defend her proposals by facts and figures that supports her recommendations as it is a proven way that helps in understanding the needs of the community. It is generally a first thing to consider before engaging in any activity and making plans for any kind of work and is a subtle way to convince the other team members that the suggestions made by her are of noteworthy importance and will help in achieving the community goals as well as organizational goals (Carey, 2007). It is imperative to engage in understanding the community needs when it comes to work for CALD communities otherwise the structure of the community will be at stake and will not get any benefits from the works of the organization. In this case, it will affect the community as well as the organization as a whole. The other consequences that will arise out of this response will lead to a debate whether to consider her suggestions or not based on the facts collec ted. It eliminates the chances of arguments and will maintain the relationship that exists between the team members. This way of resolving a problem is an example of transactional leadership theory and will also help in reaching a conclusion as to which proposals have to be considered and which ones have to be eliminated. It will also help in developing a personality trait as culture and gender play a vital role that helps in the development of the personality of an individual. Hence, it is a positive approach to reach a decision (Pinnington, 2011). Another possible response to be given by Jamila can be the acknowledgement of Dans views and seeking advice from him as he is the one who is superior to him and holds a position that comes from years of experience which cannot be neglected. This method supports the transformational theory of leadership which explains that interaction and communication plays an important role in an organization. It helps in making a solid relationship between the leaders and the followers and also encourages the sound and cool environment within an organization which is very necessary for effective and smooth working of an organization. On the other hand, it is also a responsibility of a social worker to maintain harmony and peace in the workplace and simultaneously keeping the dignity and competence value in mind (Kendon, 2001). The role of power relations also plays a major part in a working community and as Dan is superior in this game, he possesses the maximum power when it comes to age, gender, s tatus, and culture. So, this way of response is relatively the best way that can solve the problem and the challenges Jamila is facing. One of the possible actions that Jamila can perform could be that she progresses with her ideas with full enthusiasm and zeal and oppose Dan with the same force. This response is not generally acceptable when a team is involved in planning committee as this leads to the unhealthy situations of conflict. It may also happen that the ideas she is suggesting could be of greater benefit to the organization as the theory of contingency leadership suggests that a leader can perform at maximum levels in certain situations while in another he/she might give minimal performance. It completely depends upon the leadership style and behavior of an individual. If Jamila chooses this particular way of responding to this situation, it might create a kios and clashes which will hinder the work and purpose for which the organization is formed and has to perform (Pasini, 2015). This way of response will lead to destructive conflict rather than providing a solution to the problem and will result in affe cting emotions, values, and principles of the organization as well as of the people concerned. It will affect the relationship of the organization to its community and the needs of community members will be overlooked, which should be of prior importance for an organization and it will also create a bad rapport of the organization and shows the lack of co-operation and understanding among the members within the company. The members of a non-government organization, especially social workers has certain ethics that they should follow as they are meant for helping and solving others problems not to behave in rude and rough manner and creating situations of conflict within its organization (Nadan, 2014). Another approach by Jamila in this situation can be of influencing other team members out of the planning meetings. She can try to reach every team member involved so that she can convince them to have a look at her suggestions and to provide a hand for the support. This method of work can affect the competence value of the work ethics which describes that an individual working for an organization should practice in his/her field of expertise not to misrepresent his/her skills and abilities to get and move ahead. This way of doing things will also affect various other ethical principles like integrity, honesty, human relationship, and other important values and will harm the code of conduct of a company (Dion, 2012). Forming a communication strategy while working as a social worker is a very important concern and it is essential to note that how an information is perceived, understood, presented, and analyzed. This comes under classical theories of communication. It is crucial to mak e every team member understand the value of ones opinions and suggestions and to analyze every element of a communication theory i.e. sender, channel, receiver, destination, feedback, etc. Jamila will have to avoid miscommunication and loss of time, instead she should undertake some effective measures to maximize motivation and proving the value of her suggestions (Berger, 2005). In my opinion, Jamila should acknowledge Dans point of view and seek advice from him as how she should progress in this particular situation as this is the best approach to reach a conclusion and to make a decision beneficial for both the community as well as the organization. On the other hand, it will also help in maintaining ethical values and code of conduct within an organization and encourage the peace environment within the company. Conclusion Observing the whole situation and the keeping in mind the status and conditions of both the parties as well as considering the role of the community and the organization, it is very important for the members of the organization to work following the normal standards and principles and understand the code of conduct and ethics which play an essential role in any kind of profession (Mansbach and Kaufman, 2003). The needs of the community should be kept at priority instead of the personal conflicts that arises within the members who work for it. It is the duty and responsibility of the members to maintain harmony and peace within an organization and provides help and support to the society by developing a healthy environment for all to work with co-operation keeping in mind the sentiments of each and every person concerned. Therefore, it is important to note and consider each and every factor prior making any decisions for the community and the organization (Fellner, 2006). References Berger, B. (2005). Power Over, Power With, and Power to Relations: Critical Reflections on Public Relations, the Dominant Coalition, and Activism.Journal of Public Relations Research, 17(1), pp.5-28. Bonnycastle, C. (2012). Social Work in Rural Communities (5th edn).Social Work Education, 31(8), pp.1109-1110. Carey, M. (2007). Some Ethical Dilemmas for Agency Social Workers.Ethics and Social Welfare, 1(3), pp.342-347. Dion, M. (2012). Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal, 33(1), pp.4-24. Fellner, I. (2006). Improving Social Work.Social Work, 51(1), pp.93-93. Kendon, A. (2001). Gesture as communication strategy.Semiotica, 2001(135). Mansbach, A. and Kaufman, R. (2003). Ethical Decision-Making of Social Workers' Associations: A Case Study of the Israeli Association of Social Workers' Responses to Whistle-Blowing.International Social Work, 46(3), pp.303-312. Nadan, Y. (2014). Rethinking 'cultural competence' in international social work.International Social Work. Pasini, A. (2015). How to make good choices? Ethical perspectives guiding social workers moral reasoning.Social Work Education, 35(4), pp.377-386. Pinnington, A. (2011). Leadership development: Applying the same leadership theories and development practices to different contexts?.Leadership, 7(3), pp.335-365.